California Cyberstalking Law May Be Model

April 27, 2007 – 5:42 am

CaliforniaCalifornia legislators are considering a new law that would extend the state’s antistalking laws to prevent individuals from using websites and social networking sites such as MySpace.com and Craigslist to deliberately incite harassment or abuse against an individual. (See AB 919)

The prohibited harassment includes the posting of digital images or messages in an effort to cause fear, harassment or harm to an individual. Cops would be able to use stalking charges against the people responsible for the messages.

More than 40 states already have some form of cyberstalking legislation on their books but most prohibit acts involving intimidation and harassment of a person via e-mail, pagers, phones and cell phones.

The California bill is thought to be the first state law that extends the concept of stalking to messages and images posted on websites. The genesis of this bill was a situation where someone posted a minor’s picture and cell phone number on the web, along with a sexual solicitation in an adult section on Craigslist. Needless to say the female victim received numerous calls that she found very frightening.

In another creative revenge situation, a rental home in Tacoma, Washington, was ransacked after an individual believed to be an evicted tenant posted an advertisement on Craigslist inviting people to take whatever they wanted from the unlocked house for free. As a result, people descended on the home and stripped it of everything right down to the electrical fixtures and kitchen sink.

Although I hate to be the one to recommend a new law, this may be one that Virginia legislators should consider proposing.

Change in Virginia Exclusionary Rule

April 25, 2007 – 5:44 am

VA SealJack E. Call, who is a professor of criminal justice at Radford University, has written another great overview of a recent Virginia Supreme Court decision. In the overview, entitled “The Virginia Supreme Court Issues Important Decision Concerning Application of the Exclusionary Rule to Arrests Unlawful Under State Law“, he examines the facts in the decision and opinion in Moore v. Commonwealth for the VACP’s Virginia Police Legal Bulletin. This is a “must read” for trainers and law enforcement officers.

Mr. Call’s writings have been used as the basis for on-line training courses in the past and he continues to provide the type of legal evaluations that are easily understood by law enforcement officers.

Build Your Nest Egg

April 22, 2007 – 10:22 am

Nest EggAs a public service worker, you may not realize that you have an opportunity to build a nice tax deferred retirement nest egg. Many state and local employers offer their employees the opportunity to participate in 457 or 403(b) plans. These retirement savings plans are designed to help you build a healthy retirement. Most public employees are provided with a pension upon retirement but the pension is no where near the amount of your salary.  A 457 or 403(b) plan that may be available to you through your employer can provide a healthy supplement to a pension.

Both of these plans help you manage your current tax situation since the contributions are made on a pre-tax basis which can greatly reduce your tax bill. Generally, if you contribute $100 a month to a 457 or 403(b) plan, you’ve reduced your federal income taxes by roughly $25 (assuming you are in the 25% tax bracket). In effect, your $100 contribution costs you only $75. The tax savings are magnified as your contribution increases.

In addition, there is even more tax savings since all dividends, interest and capital gains accumulate on a tax-deferred basis. This means your earnings will grow tax-free until time of withdrawal.

So how much can you contribute annually? For 2007, workers are able to contribute the smaller of:

  1. the new elective deferral limit of $15,500, or
  2. up to 100% of includable compensation (must be less than the elective deferral limit), or
  3. for those with employer matches or other employer contributions, limits are $45,000 or 100% of compensation (whichever is less). Note: the employee is still limited to the employee elective deferral limit ($15,500 for 2007). An employer can add up to another $29,500.

In addition, if you are 50 or older at any time during 2007, you may contribute an additional $5,000. There is also a provision of the Internal Revenue Code that temporarily increases the elective deferral limit for those eligible employees. This increase is known as the 15-year-rule. This special provision increases your elective deferral limit by as much as $3,000 more than the current $15,500 limit (as of 2007). To qualify you must have completed at least 15 years of service with the same employer (years of service need not be consecutive), and you cannot have contributed more than an average of $5,000 to a 403(b) in previous years. The increase in your elective deferral limit cannot exceed $3,000 per year under this provision, up to a $15,000 lifetime maximum. If you have 15 or more years of service with your employer, consult with a tax professional concerning the limits on your contributions.

Most public employees, including police officers and deputies, will get a pay increase beginning in July. Why not look into starting a 457 deferred compensation account with the increase. Since you have started to receive the extra money, you won’t miss it and it will build into a nice nest egg by the time you retire.

Using Text With PowerPoint AutoShapes

April 19, 2007 – 19:20 pm

PowerpointPowerPoint’s AutoShapes feature enables you to insert items such as lines, connectors, basic shapes, arrows, flowcharts, stars and banners, callouts, and action buttons. You can draw almost any shape you need using the AutoShapes feature by simply clicking and dragging. You can also move, resize, and delete AutoShapes as you would clip art or other graphics. You can even change the colors, lines, and orientation of your AutoShape object.

The AutoShape function is very useful but you must format it correctly. An improperly formatted AutoShape may result in text that flows over the edges and distracts from the overall design of your slide.

To keep the text within an AutoShape, right-click ([Ctrl]-click on the Mac) on the AutoShape then select Format AutoShape from the hidden menu. Next, click on the Text Box tab and select the Word Wrap Text In AutoShape and Resize AutoShape To Fit Text.

With the AutoShape Resize configured your text will use the AutoShape boundaries as margins until the shape is filled. In addition, the text will cause the AutoShape’s size to increase if necessary to accommodate all of the text. Of course, you can still use the AutoShape’s editing handles manipulate the size and shape of the AutoShape.

Critics Aren’t In The History Books

April 14, 2007 – 20:40 pm

Robert E. LeeI think that anyone who is in a position of command gets frustrated by the know-it-alls who make a habit of second guessing virtually everything they do. I have to admit that I have a lot of work to do in my effort to develop a more patient attitude toward these folks. Sometimes, (OK, quite often) I am not as politically correct in my responses as I could be. I guess that’s why I enjoyed the following quote that a friend recently sent to me. The e-mail was actually about a topic that was unrelated to the war in Iraq but the quote could have been taken from today’s newspaper.

It appears we have appointed our worst generals to command forces, and our most gifted and brilliant to edit newspapers. In fact, I discovered by reading newspapers that these editor/geniuses plainly saw all my strategic defects from the start, yet failed to inform me until it was too late.

Accordingly, I’m readily willing to yield my command to these obviously superior intellects, and I’ll, in turn, do my best for the Cause by writing editorials – after the fact.

No, the quote didn’t come from President Bush – but it could have. As I am sure you have already guessed, it is a quote from General Robert E. Lee in 1863. Isn’t amazing that the more things change, the more they stay the same – particularly when it comes to the media and other Monday morning quarterbacks.

Remember – It’s All About Me!

April 5, 2007 – 19:03 pm

No WhiningDuring a recent town hall meeting with presidential candidate John Edwards, the folks who were in attendance were given the opportunity to ask questions.

A student at the University of New Hampshire named Jenny Ballantine, seized the opportunity to get her fifteen minutes of fame. I hesitate to call her diatribe a question but she did include a question somewhere in there. What follows was her “question”:

Hi. My name is Jenny Ballantine and I’m a senior here. I’ve kind of been all over the place. I’m going to throw you a little zinger, so it’s not so much a question. It’s more words of encouragement and inspiration on my behalf.

I’ve been on my own since 14. I am one of those people that you’re talking about that is poverty stricken. I made less than 8,000 this past year. Instead of going to school, I could have gone the dirty place, the bad place. I need help. I need severe help. I need to be able to look to my leader and see words of encouragement, words of hope. I need to be able to trust that person. I need to be able to know that I’m going to grow in a world that’s not going to be full of hate and prejudice and racism and to know that I matter, that I wasn’t just dumped in this world for no particular reason whatsoever. I’m — pardon my French. I’m busting my ass, still in school. I work 25 to 30 hours a week, and it’s just me and my dog.

So what can you do for the people that are in my situation that are trying their damnedest in school, wanting to go to grad school, is going to be hit with the loans — oh, God the loans! Oh, Jesus — and I have no idea what I want to do when I grow up. I don’t know what I want to be when I’m an adult. But I’m 22 right now. So people are like, “Honey, you are an adult.” So sorry.

So I know this isn’t a question, but, you know, it’s about me. It’s about me voting for you or supporting somebody who’s going to be the next president. So it’s all about me right now. I’ve always wanted to say that. Just kidding.

For some reason, her “question/statement” really irritated me. Her comments just wreak of the entitlement attitude that has taken over this county. When I heard her comments, the first thing that popped into my mind was we sure have come a long way since John Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you – but what you can do for your country.”

Somehow our society has deteriorated to the point where this young lady felt comfortable standing up before a candidate for the highest office in our country and essentially saying her vote was for sell to the highest bidder. I wonder if she ever stopped to think about the hundreds of thousands of people who have died to protect her right to cast that vote. I hope her attitude is her’s alone and not that of her generation or we all have problems.

Dump Microsoft Office For Free Alternative

March 29, 2007 – 5:35 am

NeoOfficeI have written about free, open source software alternatives in past but I thought it might be time to bring up the topic again since Microsoft recently introduced Office 2007.  Open source projects are cooperative efforts to develop a variety of software alternatives.  The software is developed by highly qualified software engineers as a service to users and best of all the software is freely available for download.

NeoOffice, the free Java-based alternative to Microsoft Office for Mac has just been updated to version 2.1. The suite includes a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation application, which now supports Office 2007 Word documents and Excel macros.

The new edition is based on the OpenOffice.org 2.1 codebase and requires Mac OS X 10.3 or later It is available as two separate editions, for PowerPC and Intel processors. I have currently have the last version on my wife’s Intel Mac and it has functioned just fine, although she is not exactly a power user.

These open source office suites are a great free alternative to paying for Microsoft’s Office regardless of which operating system you are using. Windows users may want to check out Open Office 2.2 for a mature alternative. There are open source alternatives for almost any type of software you might need. Just do a Google search using terms like “open source spreadsheet software” or “open source office suite” to find the alternatives.

Eat Better America – With a Little Help From General Mills

March 26, 2007 – 21:36 pm

General MillsI think I have uncovered one of those “facts of life” that you hear so much about. It seems that every time you have a birthday that ends with a zero, your body changes (usually not in a good way). The best description of this phenomenon I have every heard goes something like this, “I used to be able to stop exercising for a month and get back in shape in a week. Now, if I take a week off, it takes me a month to get back in shape!” I don’t know about you but I need all the help I can get to keep the weight off and keep my body in decent condition.

Well, General Mills has launched a great new website that I think will be very useful for anyone who is fighting the “battle of the bulge.” The new site is called Eat Better America and it offers fitness and health tips, healthy recipes and a support community. There’s also a feature called “Healthify My Recipe” where you can submit your favorite recipes for a healthy makeover. So far, they’ve healthified recipes for french toast, macaroni and cheese, lasagna, and a few others. The recipes are chosen from among user entries and posted on a monthly basis. Just click on the “recipes” section of the site to see all of the great makeovers.

This is a nice, clean looking website, with a Flash-like appearance, that is loaded with great information for the entire family. Check it out.

Need a Special Look For Your Document?

March 25, 2007 – 6:56 am

FontEvery now and then you want a special font style to add just the right touch to a document, report or special project. Purchasing a commercial font program can be very expensive – and you know how I hate expensive. So what should you do? Turn to the internet like I always do.

Visit Creamundo.com and you will find a bunch of free fonts. You can preview the fonts by typing in some text and clicking on Display. If you one trips your trigger, you can just download it – for free! Check it out the next time you need a font.

CLICK HERE:

www.creamundo.com

Emergency Photo Recovery

March 22, 2007 – 8:15 am

ZAR Photo RecoveryMy wife recently attended an art conference in New York and she took a bunch of digital photos using our Sony Cybershot camera. She was using a 128 MB memory stick but the camera has a little “bug” that will let you take more photos than the card had space for. Unfortunately, the “bug” part is once you exceed the available space, the pictures on the card are no longer available. That’s right, it deletes the pictures that are on the card. Sucks doesn’t it?

One thing to keep in mind is that when you “delete” files on a digital media like a memory stick, hard drive, etc. (or in this the case when the camera deletes them for you), the files can oftentimes be recovered using special software. In our case I used a great little free program to recover almost all of her photos. The program is Zero Assumption Digital Image Recovery. Once I downloaded and installed the program, it took about 15 minutes to recover 511 photos from the card. In fact, I recovered deleted photos that were taken up to a year ago. Keep this great program in mind the next time you think you accidentally delete a photo. They also have a paid version ($49.95 US) that will recover files other than image files.

Local Governments Should Not Mind Their Own Business

March 20, 2007 – 20:33 pm

GovernmentThe older I get and the closer I get to retirement, the more concerned I have become about hanging on to my money. I have been working since I was sixteen so I have paid my share of taxes. However, I never really paid too much attention to what that money was being used for until recently. They say ignorance is bliss and that may be something to keep in mind if you want to keep your blood pressure in check.

One disturbing trend that I have noticed over the past few years is the willingness of local governments to take on debt for luxury items. I have always been of the opinion that government at all levels should provide essential services like public safety, education and transportation but luxury services should be provided by private industry. This type of arrangement allows businesses to provide services and generate revenues to build the tax base the government needs to provide the essential services. Pretty neat system, isn’t it? It’s called capitalism.

Over the years, I have made an interesting observation – people who work in private industry generally strive to build fortunes while many of our public servants focus on building monuments (buildings may actually be a little more accurate). Unfortunately, it takes money to build these monuments – lots of money – so our government officials do what a lot of us do when we “just have to have” something that is beyond our means – they borrow money.

Most working adults realize that debt is a necessary evil if we want to own a home and drive an automobile to work. Having a responsible amount of debt is just a fact of life in our economy. However, problems can quickly arise when we begin to confuse our “wants” and our “needs” and take on debt that exceeds our means. The same is true of governments, although they use a little different vehicle to borrow the money, the end result can be just as bad.

Usually, when cities and counties need to finance a capital item they issue municipal bonds to raise the funds (or borrow the money). Municipal bonds are issued by states, cities, and counties, or their agencies to raise funds. The methods and practices of issuing debt are governed by certain laws and regulations that vary by state. These bonds can pay either a fixed or variable rate of interest.

A bonds is simply a loan to the municipality and the issuer of a municipal bond receives a cash payment at the time of issuance in exchange for a promise to repay the investors over time. Repayment periods can be as short as a few months but they are usually stretched over a period of 20 or more years.

The issuer (county or city) typically uses the proceeds from a bond sale to pay for capital projects, such as erecting a new building, or for other purposes for which it cannot or does not desire to use the funds they have on hand or through the annual operating budget. Tax regulations governing municipal bonds generally require all money raised by a bond sale to be spent on one-time capital projects within three to five years of issuance. Certain exceptions permit the issuance of bonds to fund other items, including ongoing operations and maintenance expenses, the purchase of single-family and multi-family mortgages, and the funding of student loans, among many other things.

Many investors find the special tax-exempt status of most municipal bonds to be an attractive investment option and they are willing to accept a lower interest payment. This makes the issuance of bonds an attractive source of financing to many cities and counties since the borrowing rate available in the open market is frequently lower than what is available through other borrowing channels.

Municipal bonds are one of several ways states, cities and counties can issue debt. They also use other mechanism such at certificates of participation and lease-buyback agreements, like the one used to build the new Roanoke County Public Safety Building. While these methods of borrowing differ in legal structure, they are similar to the municipal bonds and are essentially just another way for a municipality to buy now and pay later.

The risk of a municipal bond is a measure of how likely the issuer is to make all payments, on time and in full, as promised in the agreement between the issuer and lender. There are several different types of bonds, each carrying a different type of security, based on the promises made in the bond documents. The most common types of bonds include:

  • General obligation bonds promise to repay based on the full faith and credit of the issuer; these bonds are considered the most secure type of municipal bond so they carry the lowest interest rate.
  • Revenue bonds promise repayment from a specified stream of future income, such as income generated by a utility from payments by customers.
  • Assessment bonds promise repayment based on property tax assessments of properties located within the issuer’s boundaries.

Remember, the primary revenue vehicle for the operation of government is taxes so, if a municipality overextends itself financially, they are often forced to raise taxes on individuals and businesses. This why it really bothers me when I hear government officials talking about building recreation facilities that directly complete with the tax paying businesses that provide the tax base for the operation of local government. Why would a local government want to get in the business of operating a fitness center or build a library that is “just like a Barnes & Noble” instead of providing incentives to private industry to provide these services if they are needed. No business can compete with a government operated enterprise since the government doesn’t have to pay taxes to itself and a private enterprise does.

If we would take a few minutes to set down and do the math, we would see that these “free” government services and facilities come with a pretty hefty price tag for us and our children, since they will inherit the debt that we are creating. It doesn’t take a CPA to figure out that it isn’t a good deal when the taxpayers have to pay the debt service to build a building and then pay to operate it. I think we would all be better off if we could convince our government officials to concentrate on making our essential services the best that they can be and leave the entrepreneurship to the entrepreneurs. They work a lot harder to meet the needs of the consumers since they are using their own money to build their business – not the taxpayer’s money.

This may come as a surprise to some folks but there are very few “free lunches” in this life. As most of us have found out the hard way a couple of times, if it seems to good to be true – it usually is!

Website: Save Streaming Video To Your Computer

March 17, 2007 – 20:46 pm

KeepvidHave you ever watched a streaming video on the net that you would have liked to capture for later use. Unfortunately, you can’t just save a streaming video like a normal file – until now. Keepvid uses the slogan “want it, keep it” and that’s what you can do. All you need to do is paste the URL of the video, clip or movie from a variety of video sites and save it on your local machine for viewing when ever you want.

The sites you can get the videos from include Google, YouTube, Break.com to vSocial and Vimeo. The procedure is pretty simple and in case you download an Flash (FLV) file, you need to install the free Flash player.

It also has a bookmarklet that you can just drag to your browser’s toolbar that can be used to download videos with a single click via the bookmarks toolbar. Check it out.

CLICK HERE:

KeepVid

Firefox Plugin (Only compatible with versions 1.0 – 1.5)

Utah Chief Says Preparation Key to Success

March 14, 2007 – 5:36 am

Active ShooterOn February 12, 2007, an 18 year old Salt Lake City resident entered the historic Trolley Square Mall in Salt Lake City around 6:44 P.M., armed with a handgun, a shotgun and several rounds of ammunition. He began shooting randomly at customers, ultimately killing five people and wounding four others before being killed by police.

Chief Ken Wallentine, who is associated with the Utah Police Academy has provided a preliminary after-action report to the law enforcement community. Since the report is law enforcement sensitive, I am not including the report. However, I think the lessons that Chief Wallentine included at the end of the report are valuable common sense considerations for all law enforcement personnel so I have listed them below:

  • Be ready at all times, at all places and in all conditions.
  • Do not drive a cruiser without a spare tire. Do not carry a gun without additional
    ammunition.
  • Active shooters require active response. Train now.
  • Communication system’s interoperability works!
  • Train with your spouse on how you will respond. Help save your own life by rehearsing off-duty response.
  • Carry a go-bag in the car. Read his article on preparation entitled “Mission Readiness” located at http://www.kenwallentine.com/Publications.html.
  • Additionally, read the articles of a fellow chief, Jeff Chudwin that regularly appear at PoliceOne.com.
  • When crisis comes, it will be the first cops on the scene who can make a difference. The officers in this case proved it once again.

Quality of Academy Instruction Takes a Hit

March 9, 2007 – 9:28 am

Standards DownSeveral years ago, when I worked for the Division of Forensic Science, we were responsible for a statewide police Breathalyzer operator certification program. During an internal review of operator performance, we realized that a higher than acceptable number of operators were not retaining sufficient job knowledge and technical skills. In an effort to correct this situation, we examined every facet of the program and instituted several changes to the training procedures.

The first step of our plan was to insure that our cadre of police instructors was performing at an optimum level. Unfortunately, when we tightened up the instructor re-certification standards, about 10% of the existing instructors failed the re-certification exam. However, over the next two years, the classroom performance of the remaining instructors improved tremendously. Interestingly enough, during this same period, operator performance also showed a significant improvement. We later determined that, of all the tweaks we had made to improve the program, the one that had the greatest impact on operator performance was the improvements we made to our instructor re-certification standards. A no-brainer, right? Well maybe not.

I think it is fair to say that, in our professional lives, we are all influenced by our past experiences. In fact, sometimes a lack of experience or just overlooking the obvious can cause us to miss things that are readily apparent in retrospect. When I first took over as the director of Cardinal Criminal justice Academy, our instructor certification programs were based on the minimum standards established by the Department of Criminal Justice Services. It didn’t take long before I realized that in order to improve the quality of our programs, we needed to raise the bar on the quality of our instructional cadre, just like we had done with the Breathalyzer instructors.

We began by putting together “meaningful” instructor re-certification training courses. Fortunately, the overwhelming majority of our instructors shared my view that minimum standards training programs produce mediocre officers and deputies. Unfortunately, some of our existing instructors were not willing to devote the effort it takes to instruct in a professional training environment so they were dropped from our instructor cadre.

. . . minimum standards training programs produce mediocre officers and deputies.

Next, we turned our attention to the new instructor candidates. Our goal was to attract highly motivated candidates who truly wanted to instruct, not just receive a certificate to hang on the wall. We designed a challenging curriculum to make sure that the instructor candidates were thoroughly trained to teach in an objective-based training environment.

Next, we developed an on-line Instructor Fundamentals pre-requisite class that included an introduction to the instruction related academy policies; a PowerPoint tutorial, including a mandatory presentation assignment to demonstrate proficiency with the software; and a class that discusses the challenges of training in a mixed generation classroom.

Finally, we turned our attention to the instructor apprenticeship requirements. As I mentioned earlier, Cardinal followed the DCJS minimum standards for instructor certification that included apprenticeships of four hours for all instructor certifications except firearms, which was set at 8 hours. We quickly realized that the first we had to adjust our attitude about the apprenticeship program. The apprenticeship program had historically been a rubber stamp process. Essentially, if an instructor candidate showed up on time and made an effort to instruct, he passed. We realized that we had to make this final test more meaningful so we developed a new evaluation process that set the standard for proficiency at a much higher level. We knew the candidates who successfully completed the Instructor Development course had already demonstated that they “could” teach so the apprenticeship became a test of their commitment to performing the task well. The new level for successful completion of the apprenticeship was very simple. If a candidate fails to deliver a high quality presentation, he doesn’t pass, period.

Of course, all candidates are provided with a detailed critique of their performance at the conclusion of their apprenticeship. The areas where an unsuccessful candidate was deficient are clearly identified and he is re-scheduled to teach the same block of instruction in the next academy session. A different evaluator assesses the candidate’s second attempt at the apprenticeship. If the candidate fails to demonstrate proficiency a second time, he is not certified.

I also asked the Executive Board to reconsider the apprenticeship time requirements for certification as a specialty instructor (firearms, defensive tactics, driver training and speed measurement). I asked the Board members which eight hours time period they preferred our firearms instructor candidates to teach since our entry level firearms program consists of 48 hours of classroom and range instruction. The exchange went as follows:

Q. Would you like your firearms instructors to demonstrate the ability to teach in the classroom or on the range?
A. They should be able to teach both.

Q. Would you prefer that they demonstrate the ability to teach handguns or shotguns?
A. They should be able to teach both.

Q. In the daytime or the nighttime?
A. Both.

Q. Would you rather they be able to work the line or call the line?
A. Both

We soon came to the realization that, in order to demonstrate proficiency as a firearms instructor, they needed to work under the supervision of a certified instructor during an entire entry level training session. The same was true for all of the other high liability instructor apprenticeships. As such, by policy our instructors are required to complete the following apprenticeship requirements (combined instruction/observation):

Firearms – 48 hours
Defensive Tactics 44 hours
Driver Training – 56 hours
Speed Measurement – 24 hours

I still firmly believe that the steps we took 14 years ago to improve the quality of our instructional cadre has had a greater impact on the overall quality of our training program than any other improvement we have made. I decided to point this out since the Criminal Justice Services Board’s Committee On Training made a decision yesterday that I believe may set back the quality of training at some criminal justice training academies.

Well over a year ago, a committee was appointed to study the regulations pertaining to instructor certifications. That committee recommended that the apprenticeship requirements for all high liability instructional areas be increased to 16 hours. During his presentation to the COT, George Gotschalk suggested either a four hour or an eight hour option. However, for some reason, the COT set the minimum apprenticeship level at at 2 hours for all areas. This decision is out of character for the current COT members who have always shown a great deal of insight and have been generally on target with their decisions.

Fortunately, the directors of most of the academies throughout Virginia seek to deliver training programs that far exceed the minimum standards established under DCJS regulations. However, there are a still a few academies that have not realized that a training program is only good as the instructors that deliver it. Hopefully, the COT will reconsider this decision in the future since the bottom line is mediocre instructors produce mediocre officers and deputies.

Cardinal Criminal Justice Academy Policy 310 – Instructor Certification